Viabilidade econômica da produção de frangos de corte sob diferentes estruturas de governança / Economic viability of broiler production under different governance structures

Objetivou-se verificar a viabilidade econômica da produção de frangos de corte sob mecanismos de governança híbrida e hierárquica. Estudos de caso foram escolhidos para avaliação da atividade em núcleos de empresas integradoras e de produtores rurais integrados. Realizou-se pesquisa de campo para coleta de dados em 36 unidades de produção em Minas Gerais. Informações provenientes de 216 lotes produzidos entre agosto de 2015 e agosto de 2016 foram utilizadas nas análises econômicas. O cálculo dos custos baseou-se na metodologia proposta pela Embrapa - CNPSA e IEA - SP. As análises econômicas se realizaram conforme proposto pelo DAE - Ufla e pela Conab. Constatou-se que o custo com mão de obra causou maior impacto sobre o desempenho econômico de núcleos com estruturas de governança distintas. No modelo de produção via governança hierárquica, mesmo se considerando receitas secundárias ao processo de produção de aves, verificou-se prejuízo financeiro na atividade. Concluiu-se que a estrutura de governança híbrida representou melhor alternativa econômica que a internalização do processo de criação de frangos pelas empresas integradoras. Assim, sugere-se que empresas integradoras esgotem as possibilidades de produção via contrato de integração antes de investirem recursos em instalações próprias de criação.(AU)

The objective was to verify the economic feasibility in the production of broilers under hybrid and hierarchical governance mechanisms. Case studies were used to evaluate the activity of the integrating company and the integrated rural producers. The primary data about costs, income, and zootechnical indicators were collected in 36 poultry production units belonging to an integrated company and five rural producers, in state of Minas Gerais. Data from 216 batches of broilers produced between August 2015 and August 2016 were used in the economic analysis. Costs calculation was based on the methodology proposed by EMBRAPA - CNPSA and IEA - SP. The economic analyzes were carried out as proposed by DAE UFLA and CONAB. It was verified that the cost of labor caused the greatest impact on the economic performance of cores with different governance structures. In all breeding sites via hierarchical governance, even considering secondary revenues, there was a financial loss in the activity. It was concluded that the hybrid governance represented a better economic alternative than the internalization of the broiler production by integrating companies. Thus, it is suggested that integrating companies deplete the production possibilities through an integration contract before investing resources in their own breeding facilities.(AU)

Efeito da protease sobre o coeficiente de metabolizabilidade dos nutrientes em frangos de corte / Effect of protease on the metabolization coefficient of nutrients in broilers

Avaliaram-se os efeitos da protease sobre o coeficiente de metabolizabilidade dos nutrientes em dietas contendo farinha de penas (2,0% na fase inicial e 3,0% na fase de crescimento) para frangos de corte machos, Cobb(r), de um a 32 dias de idade. Foram alojadas 336 aves em gaiolas metálicas equipadas com bandeja para coleta total de excretas. Foi utilizado delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 2x2 (com e sem adição da enzima protease 0,05% e duas valorizações da matriz nutricional da enzima), sendo sete repetições por tratamento, de 12 aves cada. Observou-se, na fase inicial, maior CMPB (P≤0,05) para as aves que, independentemente da adição de protease, consumiram ração com valorização da matriz nutricional da enzima. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos sobre o CMMS e o CMEE (P>0,05). Na fase de crescimento, houve interação entre os tratamentos para as variáveis CMPB e CMEE. Os frangos alimentados com dieta valorizada sem adição de enzima (controle negativo) apresentaram melhores resultados (P≤0,05) para CMPB e CMEE. Nos tratamentos com enzima, o melhor CMEE (P≤0,05) foi obtido com o tratamento sem valorização da matriz nutricional (over the top). Conclui-se que níveis reduzidos e enzima sem valorização melhoram os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade dos nutrientes na fase adulta de frangos de corte.(AU)

This experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of protease on metabolization coefficient of nutrients, performance and slaughter yield from male Cobb(r) broilers fed diets with feather meal. Two experiments were carried out in a completely randomized design in a 2x2 factorial arrangement - with (0.05%) or without enzyme addition x considering or not the improvement of the nutritional value by protease, with seven replicates per treatment group. In experiment 1 the metabolization coefficient of dry matter (MCDM), crude protein (MCCP) and ether extract (MCEE) in initial (9-12-d-old) and growth (29-32-d-old) phase was evaluated. In the initial phase it was observed that regardless of enzyme addition, broiler chickens fed a diet considering improvement in nutritional value had higher MCCP (P≤0.05). However, MCDM and MCEE were not affected (P>0.05). In the growth phase, there were interactions between treatments for the variables MCCP and MCEE. The birds fed diets considering the improvement in nutritional value without enzyme (negative control) showed better results (P≤0.05) for MCCP and MCEE. In the treatments with enzyme, the best MCEE (P≤0.05) was observed in the treatment not considering the improvement in the nutritional value (over the top). Therefore, considering the improvement in the nutritional value and enzyme without considering the improvement in the nutritional value improves the coefficients of metabolization of nutrients in broiler chickens.(AU)

Conhecimentos, práticas e percepção de risco do uso de medicamentos no Distrito Federal / Knowledge, practices and risk perception in relation to the use of medicaments in the Federal District, Brazil

Este é um estudo transversal realizado em 2008/2009 no Distrito Federal com 997 participantes, que responderam a um questionário estruturado com 27 perguntas. Os entrevistados foram categorizados em cinco grupos: funcionários de drogaria (FD), funcionários de hospital (FH), pacientes de drogaria (PD), pacientes de hospital (PH) e outros. Os entrevistados do grupo FD foram os que mais afirmaram perceber sempre a presença do profissional farmacêutico na drogaria (35%, p<0.001). Somente 28,1% dos respondentes afirmaram saber o que é interação medicamentosa, com frequência maior para FD (p<0,0001) e PH (p=0,0138); destes, 37,3% descreveram corretamente o termo. Mais de 80% dos participantes leem sempre ou às vezes a bula, mas os do grupo PH são os que menos compreendem seu conteúdo. A frequência do uso de medicamentos sem receita médica foi maior entre os FD (p=0,0033) e menor entre os PH (p<0.0001). Os medicamentos considerados de maior risco pelos participantes foram inibidores de apetite, antibióticos e remédios para dormir e mais de 1/3 dos entrevistados consideraram que todos os medicamentos" fazem mal a saúde". A maioria guarda os medicamentos em gavetas e armários e somente 13% os mantêm fora do alcance de crianças. O estudo sugere que o ambiente, a atividade profissional e a situação socioeconômica afetam as percepções e atitudes com relação ao uso de medicamentos.

This is a transversal study conducted in 2008/2009 in the Brazilian Federal District with 997 participants who answered a structured questionnaire with 27 questions. The participants were classified as drugstore workers (DW), hospital workers (HW), drugstore patients (DP), hospital patients (HP) and others. Individuals in the DW group were those who most perceived the presence of the pharmacist in the drugstore (35%, p<0.001). Only 28.1% of the participants confirmed to know the definition of medicament interaction, with the highest frequency among the FD (p<0.0001) e PH (p=0.0138); from those, 37.3% described the term correctly. Over 80% of the interviewers always or sometimes read medication information sheets, but individuals in the HP group are the ones who least understand their content. The frequency of medicament use without prescription was higher among the DW (p=0.0033) and lower among the HP (p<0.0001). Appetite suppressants, sleeping pills and antibiotics were considered the most risky medicaments and over 1/3 of surveyed individuals considered all medication "harmful to health". Most individuals keep medication in drawers and closets, and only 13% keep them in places unreachable by children. The study suggests that the ambient, the professional activity, and socioeconomic status affect the attitudes and perception regarding the use of medication.

Caracterização de amostras do vírus da raiva, isoladas nas regiões Norte e Centro-Oeste do Brasil, com anticorpos monoclonais antilissavírus / Antigenic characterization of Brazilian rabies virus isolate North and Central West regions of Brazil with anti-lyssavirus monoclonal antibodies

The occurrence of rabies virus antigenic variants in North and Central West regions of Brazil was studied using 61 rabies viruses isolated from different species: 30 from domestic dogs, 20 from cattle, four from horses, two from cats, one from a human and four from unidentified species. The isolates were submitted to antigenic analyses by indirect immunofluorescence with a panel of 12 monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) to lyssavirus antigens. Antigenic analyses revealed consistent differences between isolates whose natural hosts were dogs and those of haematophagous bats, often isolated from cattle. Three out of four isolates from horses and one from a domestic dog showed patterns of reactivity found only in viruses of insectivorous bats, indicating that non-haematophagous bats do play a unique role in the transmission of the virus to other species.

Muscoid dipterous collected from cattle dung pats in pastures in Itumbiara, Goiás, Brazil

A coleta de Diptera em fezes bovinas depositadas nas pastagens foi conduzida de janeiro a agosto de 2001 em Itumbiara, Goiás. As fezes foram expostas nas pastagens por 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168, 192, 216 e 240 horas e posteriormente levadas para laboratório para extraçäo e separaçäo dos dípteros. Um total de 100 fezes bovinas foram expostas nas pastagens, das quais 3099 dípteros muscóides foram coletados. As espécies mais abundantes foram: Palaeosepsis spp. e Sarcophagula occidua. A maioria dos exemplares foi coletada em fezes bovinas expostas nos períodos de 72 e 144 horas no campo

Microimenópteros parasitóides coletados em fezes bovinas em Itumbiara, Goiás / Microhimenopterous parasitoids collected in cattle dung in Itumbiara, Goiás

This work reports the occurrence of microhimenopterous in cattle dung in Itumbiara, Goiás, Brazil. Cattle dung pats were exposed on a pasture for 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168, 192, 216 and 240 hours and were then separately taken to the laboratory for artropods extraction. A total of 100 dung pats were exposed at pasture. The pupae were individually placed in transparent gelatin capsules until the emergence of the parasitoids. The main species of parasitoids collected from bovine dung were Paraganapis egeria and Spalangia drosophilae

Primeira ocorrência de Triplasta coxalis (Ashmead) em poupas de Palaeosepsis sp. e nova ocorrência de Kleidotoma nigra (Hartig) (Hymenoptera: Figitidae: Eucoilinae) no Brasil / First ocurrence of Triplasta coxalis (Ashmead) in pupae of Palaeosepsis sp. and new ocurrence of Kleidotoma nigra (Hartig) (Hymenoptera: Figitidae: Eucoilinae) no Brasil

Triplasta coxalis (Ashmeda) (Figitidae: Eucolinae), was found as a parasitoid of Palaeosepsis sp. (Diptera: Sepsidae) in Itumbiara, GO, Brazil (18§25'S and 49§13'W). The samples of bovine dung were taken from pats 24, 36, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168, 192, 216 and 240 hours of exposittion, placed in plastic containers and kept in the laboratory conditions. The pupae were extracted by flotation in water. Pupae were individually placed in gelatin capsules until emergence of adult flies or their parasitoids. Four and one specimes of Triplasma coxalis and Kleidotoma nigra, respectively, were collected. This was the first report on occurrence of the parasitoid Kleidotoma nigra and Triplasta coxalis in Goiás

Dípteros muscóides associados com fezes bovinas e seus parasitóides em Goiás / Muscoid dipterous insects associated with cattle feces and their parasitoids in Goiás State, Brazil

A total number of 8779 pupae of Diptera were collected in stables in the municipal district of Itumbiara, GO, Brazil, from June to December 1999. The principal fly and parasitoid species found were Musca domestica L. (38.4 per cent), Sarcophagula occidua Fabricius (51.5 per cent) (flies), Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (Rondani) (28.0 per cent) and Paraganaspis egeria Diaz & Gallardo (29.3 per cent)

Identification of the domestic mite fauna of Puerto Rico

This study was conducted to identify the domestic mite fauna of Puerto Rico. A total of 57 dust samples were collected from mattresses in homes of 11 cities on the Island. The analysis of the samples revealed that 73.70 percent of the mattress samples had at least one mite species. The identified species include: Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (45.6 percent5), Blomia tropicalis (31.6 percent), Cheyletus sp. (19.3 percent), Dermatophagoides farinae (17.5 percent), Euroglyphus maynei (5.3 percent), Dermatophagoides sibonei (1.8 percent, Dermatophagoides sp. (1.8percent), Suidasia melanensis (1.8 percent) and mite species that were not identified (5.3 percent). Differences in the geographical distribution of mites showed that only Blomia tropicalis is more frequently in the northern (43 percent) than in the southern region (19 percent) of Puerto Rico (OR 3.36, p, 0.046). This finding can be explained by the fact that in the northern region the relative humidity is significantly higher that in the southern region (p < 0.001). No significant differences were observed for other species or in the total mite counts between the northern and southern regions. The small sample size of this study may explain the lack significance for some of the differences found. Nevertheless, our results indicate that the domestic mite fauna is composed of several clinically important species, their numbers are high enough to be considered in the sensitizing levels, and the diversity of these species is comparable to other observations in the Caribbean areas, and in the southern states in the continental US. Based upon our results, we recommend that when performing the skin test in Puerto Rico, extracts from the identified local domestic mite species be included in the allergen panel. This may prove useful in the aid for the diagnosis and management of atopic conditions

Prevalencia de sensibilización a Blomia tropicalis en Rosario: estudio multicéntrico / The prevalence of the sensitivity to Blomia tropicalis in Rosario city: multicenters studies

Se evaluó la prevalencia de la sensibilización a Blomia tropicalis en pacientes con asma y/o rinitis que residen exclusivamente en la ciudad de Rosario,para valorar si existen diferencias entre la respuesta cutánea a cuerpo total y a partículas fecales y relacionar la misma con diferentes parámetros clínicos y de laboratorio. Se estudiaron 314 pacientes, 164 femeninos (52,2 por ciento) con edades entre 5 a 55 años (x 20,8 DS ñ 13,7). 87 pacientes presentaban solamente asma, 91 solamente rinitis y 136 ambas patologías. El estudio se realizó en 8 centros asistenciales de la ciudad de Rosario, 3 públicos y 5 privados, completando todos un cuestionario tipo y realizando la misma técnica de testificación con un extracto de idéntico origen (División de Alergia e Inmunología, University of South Florida, Tampa, U.S.A.). Se llevó a cabo prick test (SPT) a una concentración de 1/50 p/v de cuerpo total (ECT) de Blomia tropicalis y de partículas fecales (EPF) de la misma, comparando la pápula obtenida con cada extracto con la de la histamina y se consideró positivo un índice de histamina > 0,5. Además, cada centro, realizó SPT con una batería de aeroalergenos, considerando como positiva una pápula mayor de 5 mm. Se obtuvo un total de 280 (89,2 por ciento) pruebas cutáneas positivas para al menos un aeroalergenos. De los 314 individuos estudiados 224 (71,3 por ciento) resultaron positivos para el extracto de cuerpo total de B. tropicalis y 207 (66 por ciento) para el extracto de partículas fecales. Veinte (7,1 por ciento) de los 280 SPT "+" respondieron exclusivamente a Blomia tropicalis. La prevalencia de sensibilización a Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus y/o Dermatophagoides farinae fue del 76,1 por ciento (239 pacientes) y la de otros neumoalergenos del 38,5 por ciento (121 pacientes). Confirmando un reporte previo, la prevalencia de sensibilización a Blomia tropicalis posee una relevancia casi tan importante como la de los ácaros Pyroglyphidos en la ciudad de Rosario. El análisis comparativo mostró que la sensibilidad a Blomia tropicalis es significativamente mayor en el grupo etario de 10 a 20 años (x²= 11,1 p<0,01), en los pacientes con una IgE total > 300 kU/l (x²=33,5 p<0,001) y en los pacientes con asma y rinitis (x²=14,4 p<0,001). Fué también significativa la diferencia entre el tamaño de la pápula del extracto de cuerpo de Blomia tropicalis y los distintos grupos etarios (x²=28,6 p<0,001) así como en el nivel de IgE total (x²=34,9 p<0,001).

Respiratory atopy and domestic mite sensitization in Rio de Janeiro

Domestic mites occur in a significant percentage of homens in Rio de Janeiro, a tropical geographic region of Brazil. Local weather conditions (hot and humid) promote the significant mite proliferation. Objective. We are registering the allergic mite sensitization of a population with asthma and/or rhinitis living in this coastal area. Methods. A total of 600 patients with asthma and/or rhinitis aged>=2 years underwent 3,810 allergy skin tests (Multi-Test). Eight different extracts were applied: American house dust (Ahd), Brazilian house dust (Bhd), Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp), Dermatophagoides farinae (Df), Blomia tropicalis (Bt), Chortoglyhphus arcuatus (Ca), Aleuroglyphus ovatus (Ao) and Lepidoglyphus destructor (Ld). RAST to Dp, Bt, Ca, Ao and Ld were performed with sera of randomized 14 atopic subjects. Results A positive immediate skin test to at least one allergen was detected in 387 patients (64,5 percent). Domestic mite sensitization was documented in about 90 percent of the atopic individuals. Bt has unique antigens since 4.15 percent of the subjects had positive exclusive reactions. RAST analyses showed that both Dp and Bt are the most important local mite sensitizers with cross-reactivity to the other mites. Conclusion. This study confirms that domestic mites are the most prevalent local allergens associated with asthma and/or rhinitis. Sensitization to Bt was very common and it should be checked routinely for the diagnosis of respiratory atopy in Rio de Janeiro

Resistencia del D. pteronyssinus y B. tropicalis a la congelación / Resistance of the D. pteronyssinus and B. tropicalis to congealment

El objetivo fue establecer la resistencia del D. pteronyssinus y B. tropicalis a distintas temperaturas por debajo del punto de congelación. Para ello se separaron del medio de cultivo D. pteronyssinus y B. tropicalis por el método de Tullgren modificado y se colocaron 50 mg de los mismos a -15, -30 y -80º C. El tiempo de congelación fue de 30min., 1, 2, 4, 6 hs. para cada temperatura y especie de ácaro. La descongelación se realizó a temperatura ambiente constante y se cronometró el tiempo desde que se los sacaba del freezer hasta que el primer ácaro presentara un movimiento franco. Se observó la evolución de la vitalidad según movimiento y traslado a los 15, 30, 60 y 120 min. luegode la congelación, dejándolos posteriormente en incubadora a 23ºC y a 70 HRA durante 24 hs. para evaluar el porcentaje de sobrevida. Cada observación fue realizada por triplicado, obteniendo el promedio del tiempo y porcentaje de sobrevida para cada observación. La B. tropicalis no tuvo sobrevida por encima de una hora de congelación a - 15ºC y sólo < del 10 por ciento de sobrevida cuando el tiempo de congelación fue de ó 1 hora; en ningún tiempo de congelación a -30 y - 80ºC se detectó sobrevida, mientras que en el caso del D. pteronyssinus hubo sobrevida ò del 80 por ciento cuando el tiempo de congelación fue de menos de 6 hs. a - 15ºC y menos del 20 por ciento cuando el tiempo fue mayor de 6 hs. a la misma temperatura. A - 30ºC la sobrevida fue de más de 70 por ciento a 30min. de congelación, 50 por ciento a una hora y 0 por ciento a dos horas o más. No existió sobrevida a ningún tiempo de congelación a - 80ºC. Los resultados obtenidos permiten observar que la B. tropicalis tiene una mayor susceptibilidad al frío y que la congelación a - 30ºC por encima de una hora parece ser un medio eficaz para reducir, junto con otras medidas complementarias, el número tanto de B. tropicalis como de D. pteronyssinus en el medioambiente del paciente alérgico

Sensibilidad cutánea a ácaros domésticos y de deposito en niños y adultos asmáticos / Cutaneous sensibility to domestic and of deposit acarus in asthmatics children aqnd adults

La alergia a los ácaros del polvillo doméstico en asociación al asma es, actualmente considerado un problema de diseminación mundial. Entre el 70 al 90% de los pacientes asmáticos tienen test cutáneo positivos a extractos de ácaros, particularmente a D. pteronyssinus y D. farinae. Numerosos estudios han encontrado sensibilidad cutánea a otros Piroglífidos, tal el caso de E. maynei. En los depósitos de granos, alimentos y maderas, entre otros, se han hallado ácaros que se desiganaron "de almacenamiento" y que ahora son llamados "domésticos" ya que también se pueden encontrar en las viviendas. No conocíamos la prevalencia de sensibilidad a extractos de otros ácaros del sub-orden astigmata. En este estudio se presentan la frecuencia de sensibilización cutánea en niños asmáticos de Córdoba y niños y adultos asmáticos de Santa Fe a extractos de D. pteronyssinus, D. farinae, B. tropicalis, A. ovatus, C. arcuatus y L. destructor. Tanto en los pacientes asmáticos de Córdoba como de Santa Fe, la mayor frecuencia de sensibilización cutánea fue a D. pteronyssinus, 63.3% y 72.7% respectivamente. B. tropicalis fue el segundo alergeno hallado en Córdoba (58.3%) y D. farinae en Santa Fe (66.6%). Los extractos alergénicos de los otros ácaros estudiados arrojaron positividades entre el 6 y el 57.5% de los casos estudiados. Los ácaros del sub-orden Astigmata, no Piroglífidos, son capaces de inducir sensibilidad cutánea en niños y adultos asmáticos de nuestro país